Relato de casos clínicos de pacientes após revascularização miocárdica fundamentados na Teoria de Enfermagem de Médio Alcance para Reabilitação Cardiovascular / Reportes de casos clínicos de pacientes tras revascularización miocárdica basado en la Teoría de Enfermería de Medio Rango para la Rehabilitación Cardiovascular / Clinical case report of patients after myocardial revascularization based on the Medium-Range Nursing Theory for Cardiovascular Rehabilitation

The objective is to describe home patient care plans after myocardial revascularization (MR) based on the Mid-Range Nursing Theory for Cardiovascular Rehabilitation (TMA Enf-RCV). This is a multiple case study in which data collection was performed at the home of seven patients in the postoperative period of MRI, in Sobral-Ceará, between June and December 2019. The information collected was organized in individual reports and then, joint analytical synthesis was performed. The assessment of rehabilitating behavior and stimulus for cardiovascular rehabilitation (CVR) involved physiological adaptive problems, self-concept, role performance and interdependence, with 50% of nursing diagnoses focusing on problems and being associated with the physiological mode and57% of health promotion diagnoses were related to self-concept mode. The nursing rehabilitation intervention included the promotion of physical exercises, encouragement of the patient and family in care, education about adaptive strategies, psychosocial support, among others. This study supports the applicability of TMA Enf-RCV as an effective intervention for CVR with a focus on quality of life.(AU)

El objetivo es describir los planes de atención domiciliaria del paciente después de la revascularización miocárdica (RM) basados en la Teoría de Enfermería de Rango Medio para la Rehabilitación Cardiovascular (TMA Enf-RCV). Se trata de un estudio de caso múltiple en el que la recogida de datos se realizó en el domicilio de siete pacientes en el postoperatorio de RM, en Sobral-Ceará, entre junio y diciembre de 2019. La información recogida se organizó en informes individuales y luego, se realizó la síntesis analítica conjunta. La evaluación de la conducta rehabilitadora y el estímulo para la rehabilitación cardiovascular (RCV) involucró problemas fisiológicos adaptativos, autoconcepto, desempeño de roles e interdependencia, con un 50% de los diagnósticos de enfermería centrados en problemas y asociados con el modo fisiológico y un 57% de los diagnósticos de promoción de la salud se relacionaron con el modo de autoconcepto. La intervención de rehabilitación de enfermería incluyó la promoción de ejercicios físicos, el estímulo del paciente y la familia en el cuidado, educación sobre estrategias adaptativas, apoyo psicosocial, entre otros. Este estudio respalda la aplicabilidad de TMA Enf-RCV como una intervención eficaz para el RCV con un enfoque en la calidad de vida.(AU)

Objetivase descrever planos de cuidados de pacientes em domicílio após revascularização miocárdica (RM) fundamentados na Teoria de Enfermagem de Médio Alcance para Reabilitação Cardiovascular (TMA Enf-RCV). Tratase de um estudo de casos múltiplo no qual a coleta de dados realizouse no domicílio de sete pacientes em pós-operatório de RM, em Sobral-Ceará, entre junho e dezembro de 2019. As informações coletadas foram organizadas em relatórios individuais e em seguida, realizada síntese analítica conjunta. A avaliação do comportamento reabilitador e estímulo para reabilitação cardiovascular (RCV) envolveram pro-blemas adaptativos fisiológicos, de autoconceito, de desempenho de papel e de interdependência, sendo que 50% dos diagnósticos de enfermagem tinham foco nos problemas e se associaram ao modo fisiológico e 57%dos diagnósticos de promoção da saúde foram referentes ao modo autoconceito. A intervenção reabilitadora de enfermagem contemplou promoção de exercícios físicos, encorajamento do paciente e da família no cuidado, educação acerca de estratégias adaptativas, suporte psicossocial, dentre outros. Este estudo subsidia a aplicabilidade da TMA Enf-RCV como intervenção efetiva para a RCV com foco na qualidade de vida.(AU)

Risk Score for Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

Abstract Background Prolonged mechanical ventilation (MV) after cardiac surgery imposes a significant burden on the patient in terms of morbidity and financial hospital costs. Objective To develop a risk score model to predict prolonged MV in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. Methods This was a historical cohort study of 4165 adult patients undergoing CABG between January 1996 and December 2016. MV for periods ≥ 12 hours was considered prolonged. Logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between risk predictors and prolonged MV. The variables were scored according to the odds ratio. To build the risk score, the database was randomly divided into 2 parts: development data set (2/3) with 2746 patients and internal validation data set (1/3) with 1419 patients. The final score was validated in the total database and the model's accuracy was tested by performance statistics. Significance was established at p < 0.05. Results Prolonged MV was observed in 783 (18.8%) patients. Predictors of risk were age ≥ 65 years, urgent/emergency surgery, body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cardiopulmonary bypass time ≥ 120 minutes. The area under the ROC curve was 0.66 (95% CI, 0.64-0.68; p<0.001), the Hosmer-Lemeshow chi-square test was χ2: 3.38 (p=0.642), and Pearson's correlation was r = 0.99 (p<0.001), indicating the model's satisfactory ability to predict the occurrence of prolonged MV. Conclusion Selected variables allowed the construction of a simplified risk score for daily practice, which may classify the patients as having low, moderate, high, and very high risk. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0

Factors That Predispose Women to Greater Depressive Symptoms: A Sex-, Age-, and Diagnosis-Matched Cardiac Rehabilitation Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Depressive symptoms (DS) disproportionately affect women with cardiac disease; however, no analyses have been conducted that would allow for focused sex-specific interventions. METHODS: Consecutively enrolled women (n = 663) were matched with men postcardiac revascularization at cardiac rehabilitation (CR) entry by primary diagnosis, age, and year of CR entry from database records (2006 to 2017). Multivariate analyses were conducted to determine predictors of DS (≥16 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) in all patients and men and women separately. RESULTS: In bivariate analysis, women were more likely than men to have DS (30.2% vs 19.3%; P < 0.001) in the matched cohort. A greater proportion of women than men had DS in all 10-year age categories (P < 0.05) except youngest (<50 years; 37% vs 30.4%; P = 0.7) and oldest (≥80; 12.3% vs 10.3%; P = 0.8). DS peaked in women aged 50 to 59 (42.5%) and men <50 years (30.4%). In all patients, independent predictors of DS were younger age, lower cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak), being unemployed, greater comorbidities, smoking, anxiolytics, antidepressants, not being married, but not sex. Shared predictors in women-only and men-only analyses were younger age, lower VO2peak, antidepressants, and being unemployed. Unique predictors for women were obesity, smoking, and delayed CR entry and, for men, hypertension, myocardial infarction, anxiolytics, and not being married. CONCLUSIONS: Despite matching for age and diagnosis, women were more likely to have DS than men. However, sex was not a predictor of DS in multivariate analyses. This suggests that the profile of women predisposes them to greater DS. Obesity, smoking, and greater delayed CR entry were unique correlates for women and targets for intervention.

Physical Exercise Combined With CPAP in Subjects Who Underwent Surgical Myocardial Revascularization: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Aerobic exercise and CPAP benefit patients in the postoperative period of cardiac surgery. To our knowledge, the association of aerobic exercise on an exercise bicycle with CPAP has not yet been demonstrated. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of physical exercise on a cycle ergometer combined with CPAP in the postoperative period after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. METHODS: This was a randomized clinical trial, with recruitment from May 2017 to December 2017 (registered in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry: RBR-69CDYF). The step group (n = 16 subjects) started rehabilitation in the immediate postoperative period with breathing exercises and passive mobilization in the sitting position, progressing to active exercises, ambulation, and stair training. For the intervention group (n = 15 subjects), dynamic exercises on a cycle ergometer combined with CPAP were added to the step program from the second to the fourth postoperative day in a single daily session. RESULTS: Functional capacity decreased in both groups, but this reduction was not significant in the intervention group (P = .11). The length of stay in ICU was lower in the intervention group (P = .050). In both groups there was a decrease in maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressure, as well as in the 1-min sit-to-stand test on the fourth postoperative day compared to the preoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: Physical exercise combined with CPAP promoted the maintenance of functional capacity and reduced the length of stay in the ICU.

Association of Mental Health Conditions With Participation in Cardiac Rehabilitation.

Background Mental health conditions are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ischemic heart disease, and much of this risk can be attributed to poor health behaviors. Although all patients with ischemic heart disease should be referred for cardiac rehabilitation (CR), whether patients with mental health conditions are willing to participate in CR programs is unknown. We sought to compare CR participation rates among patients with ischemic heart disease with versus without comorbid depression and/or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods and Results We used national electronic health records to identify all patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization at Veterans Health Administration hospitals between 2010 and 2014. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine whether comorbid depression/PTSD was associated with CR participation during the 12 months after hospital discharge. Of the 86 537 patients hospitalized for ischemic heart disease between 2010 and 2014, 24% experienced PTSD and/or depression. Patients with PTSD and/or depression had higher CR participation rates than those without PTSD or depression (11% versus 8%; P<0.001). In comparison to patients without PTSD or depression, the odds of participation was 24% greater in patients with depression alone (odds ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.15-1.34), 38% greater in patients with PTSD alone (odds ratio, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.24-1.54), and 57% greater in patients with both PTSD and depression (odds ratio, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.43-1.74). Conclusions Among patients with ischemic heart disease, the presence of comorbid depression and/or PTSD is associated with greater participation in CR, providing an important opportunity to promote healthy lifestyle behaviors and reduce adverse cardiovascular outcomes among these patients.

Multilevel Factors Predicting Cardiac Rehabilitation Attendance and Adherence in Underserved Patients at a Safety-Net Hospital.

PURPOSE: This study examined multilevel factors as predictors of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) attendance and adherence among underserved patients at a safety-net hospital (SNH). METHODS: Participants were recruited during hospitalization for a cardiac procedure or event. Participants responded to a questionnaire, and outcome data (including CR attendance and adherence) were extracted from medical records at baseline and 6 mo post-discharge. RESULTS: Data were collected from 171 participants, 92 (53.8%) of whom attended CR. On average, participants completed 24 CR sessions (66.7% adherence) and 40 (43.5%) participants fully adhered to the 36 prescribed sessions. Bivariate comparisons showed that participants who attended CR were more likely to have insurance (P = .002), perceive CR as important (P = .008), believe they needed CR (P = .005), and endorsed fewer barriers to CR (P = .005) than their nonattending counterparts. After controlling for insurance status, a regression analysis to predict attendance revealed only 1 predictor; perceived lack of time (P = .04). Bivariate analyses showed that only 1 clinical factor, treatment during hospitalization, was significantly related to adherence (P = .03). Patients with medical management alone (no revascularization) showed less adherence than their counterparts with revascularization. CONCLUSIONS: Although access to insurance is a significant predictor of attendance, psychological barriers that are amenable to being addressed by CR staff are also important. Findings suggest that perceived lack of time is important in SNH patient decision making to attend CR. This psychological barrier is a subject on which CR staff can intervene to educate patients about the life expectancy increases and decreased personal health care expenditures because of attendance.

Targeting relatives: Impact of a cardiac rehabilitation programme including basic life support training on their skills and attitudes.

BACKGROUND: Training families of patients at risk for sudden cardiac death in basic life support (BLS) has been recommended, but remains challenging. This research aimed to determine the impact of embedding resuscitation training for patients in a cardiac rehabilitation programme on relatives' BLS skill retention at six months. DESIGN: Intervention community study. METHODS: Relatives of patients suffering acute coronary syndrome or revascularization enrolled on an exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programme were included. BLS skills of relatives linked to patients in a resuscitation-retraining programme (G-CPR) were compared with those of relatives of patients in a standard programme (G-Stan) at baseline, following brief instruction and six months after. Differences in skill performance and deterioration and self-perceived preparation between groups over time were assessed. RESULTS: Seventy-nine relatives were included and complete data from 66 (G-Stan=33, G-CPR=33) was analysed. Baseline BLS skills were equally poor, improved irregularly following brief instruction and decayed afterwards. G-CPR displayed six-month better performance and lessened skill deterioration over time compared with G-Stan, including enhanced compliance with the BLS sequence ( p = 0.006 for group*time interaction) and global resuscitation quality ( p = 0.007 for group*time interaction). Self-perceived preparation was higher in G-CPR ( p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Relatives of patients suffering acute coronary syndrome or revascularization enrolled on a cardiac rehabilitation programme showed poor BLS skills. A resuscitation-retraining cardiac rehabilitation programme resulted in relatives' higher BLS awareness, skill retention and confidence at six months compared with the standard programme. This may suggest a significant impact of this formula on the family setting and support the active role of patients to enhance health education in their environment.

Significado de la experiencia vivida por pacientes en postoperatorio tardío de revascularización miocárdica. clínica Mediláser-Neiva-Huila / Meaning of the experience lived by patients in the late postoperative period of myocardial revascularization. Mediláser-Neiva-Huila clinic

Antecedentes: el aumento de la incidencia y prevalencia de las enfermedades cardiovasculares debido a los malos estilos de vida, disminución de ejercicio, un déficit de dieta balanceada, acompañada del estrés, alto consumo de alcohol y tabaco han sido responsables de que las afecciones cardiacas se incrementen. Gracias a la tecnología y avances científicos han surgido procedimientos cuyo objetivo ha sido prolongar y mejorar la calidad de vida; en este caso, la revascularización miocárdica (RVM) es un evento quirúrgico con denotación de ser una cirugía mayor, que tiene serias connotaciones a nivel físico, mental y emocional. Esta cirugía tiene unos periodos de recuperación, este estudio se enfatizó en el tardío periodo después del alta hospitalario, en el cual el individuo continúa su recuperación enfrentándose a su realidad. Desde este punto de vista, fue posible explorar cuáles son las vivencias de los pacientes que cursaron con un postoperatorio tardío de RVM, cuál fue su sentir respecto a su estado de salud, su relación con el personal de salud, cuáles son sus problemas y sus dudas. Estos conocimientos de los significados de vivir de esta población pueden generar posteriormente teorías de mediano rango que permita individualizar los cuidados a estos individuos, y nuevas estrategias que estén en la vanguardia de desarrollo tecnológico para modernizar el cuidado, sin perder la esencia del ser humano. Objetivo: comprender los significados que le atribuyen los pacientes a la experiencia vivida de la revascularización miocárdica en el postoperatorio tardío, atendidos durante el año 2017 y 2018 en la Clínica Mediláser en la ciudad Neiva (Huila). Metodología: investigación cualitativa con enfoque fenomenológico interpretativo o hermenéutico. La población de estudio fueron los pacientes que se encontraron entre el cuarto mes del postoperatorio tardío de RVM de la Clínica Mediláser. Se seleccionaron mediante un muestreo teórico; el tamaño de la muestra fue definido mediante el criterio de saturación de la información. La información fue obtenida mediante entrevistas a profundidad y los datos se analizaron con la propuesta de Heidegger, Diekelman, Allen y Tanner; en secuencia simultánea. Resultados: para los participantes del estudio, el significado de la experiencia de la postoperatorio de RVM está enmarcado en cuatro grandes temas: "Afrontando la recuperación", "Asumiendo cambios y complicaciones", "Retomando de nuevo mi vida" y "Fortalezas para vencer esta travesía". Conclusiones: en este estudio, las narraciones de las personas que viven un postoperatorio tardío de RVM permite un desplazamiento de la mirada puramente biológica ­ fisiológica y farmacológica del postoperatorio tardío hacia una comprensión de la experiencia humana que subyace y resulta de la experiencia misma, atravesando otras dimensiones. Los resultados aportan a la comprensión del fenómeno desde la mirada particular de los pacientes revascularizados, exaltando la importancia del acompañamiento multidisciplinario, incluyendo a Enfermería para continuar con su cuidado después del alta médica.

Introduction: the increase in the incidence and prevalence of cardiovascular diseases due to poor lifestyles, decreased exercise, a balanced diet deficit, accompanied by stress, high consumption of alcohol and tobacco; It has been responsible for heart conditions to increase. Thanks to technology and scientific advances have emerged procedures whose goal has been to prolong and improve the quality of life, in this case myocardial revascularization (RVM) is a surgical event with denoting major surgery, which has serious connotations at the physical level, mental and emotional. This surgery has a period of recovery, this study was emphasized in the late period after hospital discharge in which the individual continued his recovery facing his reality. From this point of view, it was possible to explore the experiences of the patients who attended a late post-operative period of MVR, what their feelings were with regard to their health status, their relationship with health personnel, their problems and their Doubts. This knowledge of the meanings of living of this population can later generate mid-range theories that allow individualizing the care of these individuals, and new strategies that are at the forefront of technological development to modernize care without losing the essence of the human being. Objective: to understand the meanings attributed by patients to the experience of myocardial revascularization in the late postoperative period, attended during 2017 and 2018 at the Mediláser Clinic in the city of Neiva (Huila). Methodology: qualitative research with interpretive or hermeneutical phenomenological approach. The study population was the patients who were between the fourth month of the late postoperative period of MVR of the Mediláser Clinic. They were selected by means of a theoretical sampling. The size of the sample was defined by the criterion of saturation of the information. The information was obtained through in-depth interviews and the data was analyzed with the proposal of Heidegger, Diekelman, Allen and Tanner, in simultaneous sequence. Results: For the participants of the study, the meaning of the post-operative experience of RVM is framed in 4 major themes: "Coping with recovery", "Assuming changes and complications", "Taking up my life again" and "Strengths for overcome this journey." Conclusions: In this study, the narratives of people who live a late postoperative period of MVR allow a shift from the purely biological - physiological and pharmacological look of the late postoperative to an understanding of the human experience that underlies and results from the experience itself. crossing other dimensions, the results contribute to the understanding of the phenomenon from the particular view of revascularized patients extolling the importance of multidisciplinary accompaniment, including nursing to continue with their care after medical discharge.

Cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica: mudanças na vida de indivíduos e o cuidado de si / Myocardial revascularization surgery: individual life changes and self-care / Cirugía de revascularización miocárdica: cambios en la vida de individuos y el cuidado de sí

Objetivo: analisar as mudanças provocadas pela Cirurgia de Revascularização Miocárdica (CRM) e o cuidado de si de indivíduos revascularizados. Método: pesquisa qualitativa realizada com dez indivíduos pós CRM, em um hospital escola do Sul do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados em 2013, por meio de entrevista narrativa e submetidos à análise temática. Projeto aprovado por Comitê de Ética e Pesquisa Resultados: da análise emergiu a categoria, mudanças provocadas pela CRM e o cuidado de si de indivíduos revascularizados com as subcategorias: agora eu me cuido; a mão dupla do cuidado; a imposição do cuidado; a valorização da vida; mudança de atitude nos relacionamentos; e, a família mais próxima. Conclusão: após a cirurgia, os indivíduos passam a repensar suas atitudes consigo e com as outras pessoas, valorizando sua vida, a saúde e a família. Os bens materiais e problemas que permeiam o cotidiano tornam-se menos relevantes, procurando assumir atitudes que lhe tragam prazer e bem-estar.

Objective: to examine changes brought about by myocardial revascularization surgery (coronary artery bypass graft, CABG) and self-care by revascularized individuals. Method: in this qualitative study of ten individuals post-CABG at a teaching hospital in southern Brazil, data were collected by narrative interview and submitted to thematic analysis. Results: analysis revealed the category "changes caused by CABG, and revascularized individuals self-care" with the subcategories "now I take care of myself"; "care as two-way process"; "care as imposition"; "valuing life"; "changed attitude in relationships"; and "closest relatives". Conclusion: after surgery, individuals begin to rethink their attitudes to themselves and other people, valuing their life, health and family. Material possessions and everyday problems become less relevant, and individuals endeavor to act in ways that bring pleasure and well-being.

Objetivo: analizar los cambios producidos por la cirugía de revascularización miocárdica (CRM) y el cuidado de sí de los individuos revascularizados. Método: investigación cualitativa realizada con diez individuos después de CRM, en un hospital universitario en el sur de Brasil. Los datos fueron recolectados por medio de una entrevista narrativa y sometidos al análisis temático. Resultados: del análisis surgió la categoría cambios causados por el CRM y el cuidado de sí de los pacientes revascularizados con subcategorías: ahora me cuido; la doble vía del cuidado; la imposición del cuidado; la valorización de la vida; la actitud en los relacionamientos y la familia más cerca. Conclusión: Después de la cirugía, las personas comienzan a replantearse sus actitudes con usted y otras personas, valorando su vida, la salud y la familia. Materiales y mercancías temas que permean la vida cotidiana se vuelve menos relevante, buscando tomar acciones que dan placer y bienestar.

Long-Term Results of High-Intensity Exercise-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation in Revascularized Patients for Symptomatic Coronary Artery Disease.

Exercise capacity is a strong predictor of survival rate in patients with and without coronary artery disease. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) with improvements in the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) of 3.5 ml/kg/min or more has been shown to be beneficial in earlier observational studies. Long-term results on VO2peak after CR are rare. The aim of this study was to assess if a 12-week outpatient CR program including high-intensity interval training would preserve or improve VO2peak 15 months after CR entry. A total of 133 coronary patients attended the CR program (the Norwegian Ullevaal model). At baseline, at the end of the program, and after 15 months, the patients were evaluated with a cardiopulmonary exercise test, body mass index, blood pressure, self-reported exercise habits, and quality of life (the COOP-WONCA questionnaire). Long-term outcomes were available for 86 patients (65 %). The mean age was 57 ± 9 years and 87% were men. VO2peak improved significantly from baseline (31.9 ± 7.6 ml/kg/min) to program end (35.9 ± 8.6 ml/kg/min) (p <0.001), and further progress was seen at the long-term follow-up (36.8 ± 9.2 ml/kg/min) (p <0.05). COOP-WONCA was significantly enhanced in all domains (p <0.001) with a meaningful clinical improvement in "physical fitness" from baseline to long-term follow-up. In conclusion, at follow-up, the patients still exercised (mean 2.5 ± 1 times per week) and had improved or preserved their VO2peak and quality of life.

Intervenção percutânea e revascularização miocárdica no paciente com dm - elementos que devem ser considerados / Percutaneous intervention and myocardial revascularization in patients with dm - elements that should be considered

A doença arterial coronariana (DAC) é a principal causa de mortalidade e morbidade entre os portadores de diabetes mellitus (DM). O DM aumenta o risco de DAC e é um preditor independente dos piores resultados após qualquer método de revascularização coronária: intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) ou cirurgia de revascularização miocárdica (CRM). O tratamento da DAC em diabéticos possui características importantes e sua respectiva presença deve ser utilizada na escolha do método de intervenção, especialmente nos pacientes multiarteriais e/ou com lesão de tronco de coronária esquerda. Além da terapia medicamentosa rigorosa ser um dos pilares fundamentais, a decisão sobre a estratégia de revascularização deve ser tomada por uma equipe multiprofissional e multidisciplinar ("Heart Team"), baseando-se em elementos do quadro clínico, da anatomia coronária, carga isquêmica, função ventricular esquerda, risco cirúrgico hospitalar e do próprio paciente.

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity among patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). DM increases the risk of CAD and is an independent predictor of poorer outcomes after any method of coronary revascularization: percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The treatment of CAD in diabetics has important characteristics, and its presence should not be used in the choice of intervention method, especially in multiarterial patients and/or patients with unprotected left main stem disease. In addition to rigorous drug therapy being one of the fundamental pillars, the decision on the type of revascularization strategy should be made by a multiprofessional and multidisciplinary team ("Heart Team"), based on the clinical presentation, coronary anatomy, ischemic burden, left ventricular function, in-hospital surgical risk and individual patient risk.

Factores determinantes de éxito de la rehabilitación cardiovascular en pacientes coronarios sometidos a revascularización miocárdica / Cardiovascular Rehabilitation in patients following myocardial revascularization: factors associated to program success

Resumen: Introducción: La rehabilitación cardiovascular ha demostrado tener efectos beneficiosos en pacientes con antecedentes de patología coronaria. Objetivos: Identificar los factores que determinan el resultado de un programa de rehabilitación cardiovascular (PRC) aplicado a pacientes coronarios revascularizados. Métodos: 67 pacientes sometidos a cirugía de bypass o angioplastia fueron evaluados en su capacidad funcional mediante el test de marcha de 6 minutos (TM) al inicio y al completar el programa de rehabilitación cardiovascular. La distancia recorrida en el test de marcha fue correlacionada con la edad, capacidad funcional previa al PRC, tiempo en completar el pro-grama, tiempo que media entre la intervención y el inicio del programa, duración del programa y tipo de revascularización. Además, se comparó el incremento de la capacidad funcional entre los pacientes que fueron derivados a 36 sesiones con los referidos a solo 12. Resultados: 67 pacientes cumplieron los criterios para evaluación del PRC. Globalmente, se observó una mejoría de 12% (511,4 a 573,4 m) en la distancia del TM (p<0.001)). El mayor beneficio, en términos de distancia en el TM se obtuvo al efectuar un programa con más sesiones (36 vs 12) con valores de 20% y 8%, respectivamente (p<0.002). El poder terminar el PRC de 36 sesiones más rápidamente (entre 10 y 13 semanas vs entre 14 y 24 semanas se asoció a una mayor incremente en el TM con valores de 19% vs 10%, respectivamente (p<0,003). El incremento en el TM no difirió entre 3 grupos de edad (desde 49 a 85 años); en el tiempo que transcurre entre la intervención y el inicio del PRC (antes vs después de la 8a semana post revascularización), al tipo de revascularización a la que fue sometido el paciente (cirugía o angioplastía) y a la capacidad funcional previa que estos presentan al inicio del PRC. Conclusión: El PRC es efectivo en mejorar significativamente la capacidad funcional de pacientes revascularizados, especialmente cuando el número de sesiones del programa es mayor y cuando se realiza con una frecuencia de al menos 3 veces por semana. El PRC es igualmente efectivo en pacientes enviados a rehabilitación en forma más precoz, como también lo es en sujetos más añosos. Estos efectos fueron independientes del tipo de revascularización.

Abstracts: Introduction : Background: Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Programs (CRP) have been shown to produce be-neficial effects in patients with coronary artery disease. Aim: to identify factors associated to CRP success in patients who underwent myocardial revascularization Methods: 67 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary artery angioplasty (PTCA) were evaluated for functional capacity by means of a standard 6 min walking test (6mWT), before and after completion of the CRP. Distance covered during the test was correlated with age, prior functional class, time employed to complete CRP, time from coronary intervention and CRP initiation, CRP duration and type of revascularization. In addition, patients referred for a 36 sessions CRP were compared to those referred to only 12 sessions. Results: 67 patients met inclusion criteria. Overall, there was a 12% increase (511,4 to 573,4 m) in 6mWT distance (p<0.001). The greatest benefit was obtained with the 36 session CRP as compared to a 12 session CRP (20 vs 8% (p<0.002). Also, completion of a 36 session CRP between 10 and 13 weeks compared to 14 to 24 weeks revealed a greater benefit in the former group (19% vs 10%, respectively (p<0.003). There was no difference in 6minWT distance in 3 groups of age (extending from 49 to 85 years-old); In addition, time from intervention to initiation of CRP (before vs after 8 weeks), type of revascularization or functional capacity at the beginning of CRP showed any difference in 6mWT distance. Conclusion: CRP is a highly effective intervention to improve functional capacity in patients following myocardial revascularization, more so when more sessions are employed and when at least 3 sessions per week are implemented. The program is equally effective in patients starting CRP early after revascularization, and benefit is independent from patient age.

Home-based versus centre-based cardiac rehabilitation.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death globally. Traditionally, centre-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes are offered to individuals after cardiac events to aid recovery and prevent further cardiac illness. Home-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes have been introduced in an attempt to widen access and participation. This is an update of a review previously published in 2009 and 2015. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of home-based and supervised centre-based cardiac rehabilitation on mortality and morbidity, exercise-capacity, health-related quality of life, and modifiable cardiac risk factors in patients with heart disease. SEARCH METHODS: We updated searches from the previous Cochrane Review by searching the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), PsycINFO (Ovid) and CINAHL (EBSCO) on 21 September 2016. We also searched two clinical trials registers as well as previous systematic reviews and reference lists of included studies. No language restrictions were applied. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials, including parallel group, cross-over or quasi-randomised designs) that compared centre-based cardiac rehabilitation (e.g. hospital, gymnasium, sports centre) with home-based programmes in adults with myocardial infarction, angina, heart failure or who had undergone revascularisation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened all identified references for inclusion based on pre-defined inclusion criteria. Disagreements were resolved through discussion or by involving a third review author. Two authors independently extracted outcome data and study characteristics and assessed risk of bias. Quality of evidence was assessed using GRADE principles and a Summary of findings table was created. MAIN RESULTS: We included six new studies (624 participants) for this update, which now includes a total of 23 trials that randomised a total of 2890 participants undergoing cardiac rehabilitation. Participants had an acute myocardial infarction, revascularisation or heart failure. A number of studies provided insufficient detail to enable assessment of potential risk of bias, in particular, details of generation and concealment of random allocation sequencing and blinding of outcome assessment were poorly reported.No evidence of a difference was seen between home- and centre-based cardiac rehabilitation in clinical primary outcomes up to 12 months of follow up: total mortality (relative risk (RR) = 1.19, 95% CI 0.65 to 2.16; participants = 1505; studies = 11/comparisons = 13; very low quality evidence), exercise capacity (standardised mean difference (SMD) = -0.13, 95% CI -0.28 to 0.02; participants = 2255; studies = 22/comparisons = 26; low quality evidence), or health-related quality of life up to 24 months (not estimable). Trials were generally of short duration, with only three studies reporting outcomes beyond 12 months (exercise capacity: SMD 0.11, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.23; participants = 1074; studies = 3; moderate quality evidence). However, there was evidence of marginally higher levels of programme completion (RR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.08; participants = 2615; studies = 22/comparisons = 26; low quality evidence) by home-based participants. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This update supports previous conclusions that home- and centre-based forms of cardiac rehabilitation seem to be similarly effective in improving clinical and health-related quality of life outcomes in patients after myocardial infarction or revascularisation, or with heart failure. This finding supports the continued expansion of evidence-based, home-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes. The choice of participating in a more traditional and supervised centre-based programme or a home-based programme may reflect local availability and consider the preference of the individual patient. Further data are needed to determine whether the effects of home- and centre-based cardiac rehabilitation reported in the included short-term trials can be confirmed in the longer term and need to consider adequately powered non-inferiority or equivalence study designs.

Quality of life of patients who undergone myocardial revascularization surgery.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the quality of life of patients who underwent revascularization surgery. METHOD: a descriptive, cross sectional study, with quantitative approach carried out with 75 patients. The questionnaire WHOQOL-Bref was used to evaluate the quality of life (QOL). RESULTS: patients' QOL evaluation presented a moderate result, with need of improvement of all domains. Low income patients had the worst evaluation of QOL in the domain environment (p=0,021), and the ones from Recife/metropolitan area, in the domain social relationship (p=0,021). Smoker (p=0,047), diabetic (p=0,002) and alcohol consumption (p=0,035) patients presented the worst evaluation of the physical domain. Renal patients presented the worst evaluation of QOL in the physical (P=0,037), psychological (p=0,008), social relationship (p=0,006) domains and total score (p=0,009). CONCLUSION: the improvement of QOL depends on the individual's process of behavioral change and the participation of health professionals is essential to formulate strategies to approach these patients, especially concerning health education.

Quality of life of patients who undergone myocardial revascularization surgery / La calidad de vida de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización del miocárdio / Qualidade de vida de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the quality of life of patients who underwent revascularization surgery. Method: a descriptive, cross sectional study, with quantitative approach carried out with 75 patients. The questionnaire WHOQOL-Bref was used to evaluate the quality of life (QOL). Results: patients' QOL evaluation presented a moderate result, with need of improvement of all domains. Low income patients had the worst evaluation of QOL in the domain environment (p=0,021), and the ones from Recife/metropolitan area, in the domain social relationship (p=0,021). Smoker (p=0,047), diabetic (p=0,002) and alcohol consumption (p=0,035) patients presented the worst evaluation of the physical domain. Renal patients presented the worst evaluation of QOL in the physical (P=0,037), psychological (p=0,008), social relationship (p=0,006) domains and total score (p=0,009). Conclusion: the improvement of QOL depends on the individual's process of behavioral change and the participation of health professionals is essential to formulate strategies to approach these patients, especially concerning health education.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la calidad de vida de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización. Método: estudio descriptivo, transversal, con abordaje cuantitativo llevado a cabo con 75 pacientes. Se empleó el cuestionario WHOQOL-Bref para evaluar la calidad de vida (CV). Resultados: Los pacientes tuvieron CV regular, necesitando mejoras en todos los dominios. Los pacientes de baja renta presentaron peores índices de CV en el dominio medioambiental (p=0,021), así como presentaron los provenientes de la ciudad de Recife y región en el dominio relaciones sociales (p=0,021). Los pacientes fumadores (p=0,047), diabéticos (p=0,002) y de la clase alta (p=0,035) tuvieron peores valores de CV en el dominio físico. Los pacientes con problemas renales presentaron peores índices de CV en los dominios físico (p=0,037), psicológico (p=0,008), relaciones sociales (p=0,006) y en el puntaje total (p=0,009). Conclusión: para mejorar la CV hay que cambiar la conducta individual, y es muy importante la participación de los profesionales de salud en la planificación de estrategias de abordaje a estos pacientes, en especial en la educación en salud.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade de vida de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização. Método: estudo descritivo, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa realizado com 75 pacientes. Foi utilizado o questionário WHOQOL-Bref para avaliação da qualidade de vida (QV). Resultados: Pacientes apresentaram avaliação da QV regular, com necessidade de melhora em todos os domínios. Pacientes de baixa renda tiveram pior avaliação da QV no domínio meio ambiente (p=0,021), e os procedentes de Recife/região metropolitana, no domínio relações sociais (p=0,021). Pacientes tabagistas (p=0,047), diabéticos (p=0,002) e etilistas (p=0,035) apresentaram pior avaliação da QV no domínio físico. Pacientes renais apresentaram pior avaliação da QV nos domínios físico (P=0,037), psicológico (p=0,008), relações sociais (p=0,006) e no escore total (p=0,009). Conclusão: a melhoria da QV depende de um processo de mudança de comportamento individual e a participação dos profissionais de saúde é essencial para elaborar estratégias de abordagem desses pacientes, principalmente no tocante à educação em saúde.

Increasing Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation From 20% to 70%: A Road Map From the Million Hearts Cardiac Rehabilitation Collaborative.

The primary aim of the Million Hearts initiative is to prevent 1 million cardiovascular events over 5 years. Concordant with the Million Hearts' focus on achieving more than 70% performance in the "ABCS" of aspirin for those at risk, blood pressure control, cholesterol management, and smoking cessation, we outline the cardiovascular events that would be prevented and a road map to achieve more than 70% participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR)/secondary prevention programs by the year 2022. Cardiac rehabilitation is a class Ia recommendation of the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology after myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization, promotes the ABCS along with lifestyle counseling and exercise, and is associated with decreased total mortality, cardiac mortality, and rehospitalizations. However, current participation rates for CR in the United States generally range from only 20% to 30%. This road map focuses on interventions, such as electronic medical record-based prompts and staffing liaisons that increase referrals of appropriate patients to CR, increase enrollment of appropriate individuals into CR, and increase adherence to longer-term CR. We also calculate that increasing CR participation from 20% to 70% would save 25,000 lives and prevent 180,000 hospitalizations annually in the United States.

Effect of cardiac rehabilitation program on the Framingham risk score and C-reactive protein after CABG / Efeito de um programa de reabilitação cardíaca sobre o escore de Framingham e proteína C-reativa pós-revascularização do miocárdio

Introduction: Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) does not have an effect on the etiopathogenic factors of atherosclerosis, thus, it is crucial to control risk factors. Objective: To analyze the effect of a cardiac rehabilitation (CR) program on cardiovascular risk factors, the Framingham risk score (FRS) and levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) of patients undergoing CABG. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted with a sample of 49 patients, who were participating in a program (24 weeks). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), FRS, risk (%) of developing coronary artery disease in 10 years (CAD risk), serum levels of LDL-c, triglycerides (TG) and CRP were assessed. Results: The variables BMI, WC, LDL-c, TG, CRP levels, FRS and CAD risk showed significant reductions (p<0,001). Conclusion: The program was effective in reducing cardiovascular risk factors, FRS, as well as the decrease in CRP levels.

Introdução: A cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM) não atua nos fatores etiopatogênicos da aterosclerose, dessa forma o controle destes fatores torna-se crucial. Objetivo: Analisar o efeito de um programa de reabilitação cardíaca (RC) sobre fatores de risco cardiovasculares, Escore de Framingham (EF) e níveis de proteína C reativa (PCR) de pacientes submetidos à CRM. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal e retrospectivo com uma amostra 49 pacientes participantes de um programa de RC (24 semanas). Índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC), EF, risco de desenvolvimento de doença arterial coronariana em 10 anos (risco DAC), níveis séricos de LDL-c, triglicerídeos (TG) e PCR foram avaliados. Resultados: As variáveis IMC, CC, LDL-c, TG, PCR, Pontuação no EF e o risco DAC apresentaram reduções significativas (p<0,001). Conclusão: O programa foi eficaz na redução de fatores de risco cardiovascular, no EF, bem como na diminuição dos níveis de PCR.

The prognostic effect of cardiac rehabilitation in the era of acute revascularisation and statin therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized studies - The Cardiac Rehabilitation Outcome Study (CROS).

Background The prognostic effect of multi-component cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in the modern era of statins and acute revascularisation remains controversial. Focusing on actual clinical practice, the aim was to evaluate the effect of CR on total mortality and other clinical endpoints after an acute coronary event. Design Structured review and meta-analysis. Methods Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), retrospective controlled cohort studies (rCCSs) and prospective controlled cohort studies (pCCSs) evaluating patients after acute coronary syndrome (ACS), coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or mixed populations with coronary artery disease (CAD) were included, provided the index event was in 1995 or later. Results Out of n = 18,534 abstracts, 25 studies were identified for final evaluation (RCT: n = 1; pCCS: n = 7; rCCS: n = 17), including n = 219,702 patients (after ACS: n = 46,338; after CABG: n = 14,583; mixed populations: n = 158,781; mean follow-up: 40 months). Heterogeneity in design, biometrical assessment of results and potential confounders was evident. CCSs evaluating ACS patients showed a significantly reduced mortality for CR participants (pCCS: hazard ratio (HR) 0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20-0.69; rCCS: HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.49-0.84; odds ratio 0.20, 95% CI 0.08-0.48), but the single RCT fulfilling Cardiac Rehabilitation Outcome Study (CROS) inclusion criteria showed neutral results. CR participation was also associated with reduced mortality after CABG (rCCS: HR 0.62, 95% CI 0.54-0.70) and in mixed CAD populations. Conclusions CR participation after ACS and CABG is associated with reduced mortality even in the modern era of CAD treatment. However, the heterogeneity of study designs and CR programmes highlights the need for defining internationally accepted standards in CR delivery and scientific evaluation.